Lexicographical Verification of Chabacano Usage in Zamboanga City: A Basis for Lexicographical Revamp through Legislation

Abstract

This study aims to verify whether selected entries in the existing Chabacano lexicography of Zamboanga City accurately reflect contemporary language use and to identify the words that speakers actually employ in everyday communication. Specifically, it examines the extent to which the current dictionary aligns with the lived linguistic practices of Chabacano language

professionals and explores the implications of any mismatch for language planning and policy. Using descriptive and exploratory research design, the study analyzes responses from Chabacano language professionals in secondary and tertiary educational institutions. Sixty lexicographic entries were randomly selected from the existing dictionary and evaluated through a checklist type instrument, complemented by open-ended responses. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, categorical ranking, and qualitative content analysis. The findings reveal a substantial gap between the existing lexicographic entries and actual language use. A majority of the listed words were identified as rarely used or no longer used in daily communication, while a smaller set remained functionally active, particularly in institutional, legal, and contemporary contexts. Language professionals frequently relied on alternative lexical forms, including Spanish-derived terms, English borrowings, Filipino influences, and descriptive phrases, indicating dynamic lexical adaptation rather than strict adherence to dictionary forms. These patterns highlight ongoing lexical shift, simplification, and borrowing in Chabacano. The study concludes that the

current lexicography does not sufficiently represent contemporary Chabacano usage and underscores the need for systematic, evidence-based lexicographical revision. The findings support the adoption of a descriptive, usage-driven approach to dictionary development and provide an empirical basis for legislative and institutional actions aimed at preserving, standardizing, and sustaining Chabacano as a living language in education, governance, and

cultural life.