Frontiers in Management and Social Insights
The Frontiers in Management and Social Insights (FMSI) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to advancing knowledge in business, management, and social sciences. It serves as a platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share original research, case studies, and review papers that address contemporary challenges and emerging trends. The journal’s scope spans diverse areas including business strategy, organizational behavior, human resource management, marketing, finance, public policy, sustainability, entrepreneurship, innovation, and digital transformation. Publishing Details Online ISSN : 3107-5819
Interactive Governance in Local Livelihood Programs: Evidence from DOLE Interventions in Isabela City, Basilan Province, Philippines
This study evaluates the design, implementation, and economic outcomes of local livelihood programs implemented by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in Isabela City, Basilan Province, Philippines. Anchored in Jan Kooiman’s Interactive Governance Theory, the research examines how national policy directives are translated into local livelihood interventions through the coordinated actions of DOLE, accredited co-partners (ACPs), barangay councils, the Public Employment Service Office (PESO), and beneficiaries. The study responds to three questions: how DOLE designs and allocates livelihood support, how these programs are implemented through local partnerships, and what economic outcomes emerge from these interventions. Using a descriptive-evaluative case study design, the research integrates qualitative and quantitative methods. Primary data were gathered through key informant interviews, structured beneficiary interviews, and field observations, while secondary data were drawn from DOLE administrative reports, co-partner documents, barangay records, and national program benchmarks. Findings reveal that DOLE’s livelihood programs in Isabela City operate through a multi-actor governance model that combines hierarchical, co-governance, and self-governance modes. ACP-led projects demonstrated higher training intensity and slightly better asset utilization, while barangay-led projects showed stronger local ownership and faster implementation. Results indicate that most beneficiaries experienced modest income improvement, with 67% reporting increased income six months after participation. However, the sustainability of outcomes is constrained by delayed fund disbursement, weak post-intervention monitoring, limited income tracking, and security-related implementation challenges. The study concludes that livelihood governance in fragile, conflict-affected settings depends not only on resource allocation but also on adaptive coordination, institutional trust, and continuous feedback among governance actors. It recommends strengthening multi-actor coordination, institutionalizing outcome-based monitoring, enhancing barangay-level capacity, and integrating complementary financial and market support. The study contributes to public administration and development policy by demonstrating how interactive governance shapes livelihood outcomes in decentralized and post-conflict environments.
Livelihood governance; interactive governance; Department of Labor and Employment; Basilan; multi-actor coordination; program evaluation; livelihood sustainability; fragile contexts; public administration; Philippines
Copyright (c) 2026 Frontiers in Management and Social Insights
Assessment of Traffic Congestion in Sta.Cruz, Zamboanga City: Implication forPublic Policy and Urban Planning
Traffic congestion has become an increasingly persistent challenge in rapidly urbanizing areas of the Philippines, affecting daily mobility, productivity, and overall quality of life. While much of the existing literature focuses on metropolitan centers, limited attention has been given to traffic conditions at the barangay level, particularly in secondary cities such as Zamboanga City. This study examines the extent and causes of traffic congestion in Sta. Cruz, Zamboanga City, and evaluates its implications for public policy and urban planning. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combined survey data from 30 road users with key informant interviews involving Barangay officials, LTFRB, ZCTMO. Purposive sampling was employed to ensure that participants possessed direct experience with traffic conditions and governance in the study area. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis. Findings reveal that traffic congestion in Sta. Cruz is moderate but frequent, with congestion occurring most often during afternoon peak hours along main roads and market areas. Narrow road networks, inadequate road design, illegal parking, weak traffic discipline, and limited enforcement capacity emerged as the primary contributors to congestion. Although traffic policies are in place, their effectiveness is constrained by uneven implementation, inconsistent inter-agency coordination, and low public compliance. The results further indicate that congestion negatively affects residents’ mobility, productivity, and confidence in local governance. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrated public policy and urban planning interventions, including targeted road widening and bottleneck redesign, stricter and more consistent traffic enforcement, strengthened inter-agency coordination, barangay-level traffic management planning, and community-based traffic discipline programs. These localized and evidence-based strategies aim to promote sustainable mobility and improve traffic governance in Sta. Cruz, with potential applicability to similar urban barangays in secondary Philippine cities.
Traffic congestion, public policy, urban planning, improve traffic governance, and Sta. Cruz, Zamboanga City, Philippines
Lesley Ann F. Atilano-Tang, MPA, JD, DPA
The Impact of Social Media Influencers and 'FinTok' on Retail Investor Behavior and Market Volatility
This study examines the growing influence of social media platforms and financial influencers, or "finfluencers," on the behaviors of retail investors and broader market volatility. The rise of platforms like TikTok, leading to the emergence of the "FinTok" subculture, has democratized access to financial information but also introduced new risks. Finfluencers, often lacking professional credentials, leverage their large followings and parasocial relationships to dispense investment advice and promote specific stocks, cryptocurrencies, and other financial products. This research investigates the mechanisms through which this influence operates. The analysis finds that finfluencer recommendations can lead to coordinated herding behavior among retail investors, driving rapid and often short-lived price increases in promoted assets. This phenomenon, fueled by the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), can create significant though temporary market volatility, particularly in small-cap stocks and speculative assets. Furthermore, the findings suggest that reliance on finfluencers is inversely related to an investor's financial literacy, with less informed individuals being more susceptible to speculative advice and potential market manipulation. The paper concludes that while social media has the potential to increase financial engagement and literacy, the unchecked influence of finfluencers poses systemic risks. The speed at which information (and misinformation) spreads can create asset bubbles and sudden market downturns, challenging traditional market stability mechanisms. The study highlights the urgent need for a regulatory framework to address the ethical and legal implications of finfluencer activities, ensuring greater transparency and investor protection in an increasingly digital financial landscape.
FinTok, financial literacy, herding behavior, market volatility, retail investors
Influence of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Purchase Decisions Among Generation Z
The rapid growth of social media platforms has significantly transformed marketing strategies and consumer behavior, particularly among Generation Z (Gen Z). This study explores the influence of social media marketing on the purchase decisions of Gen Z consumers. Both secondary data and primary data collected through a structured questionnaire (n=100) were used for analysis. The findings indicate that social media platforms play a crucial role in shaping product awareness, evaluation, and purchase behavior. Influencer marketing, user-generated content, and peer reviews are identified as the most impactful factors. The study concludes that social media marketing has a strong and direct influence on Gen Z purchasing decisions, and businesses must adopt innovative strategies to effectively engage this demographic.
Social Media Marketing, Generation Z, Consumer Behavior, Influencer Marketing, Purchase Decision
An Analysis of Trends and Contributing Factors to Road Crashes in Zamboanga City:Basis for Road Safety Policy
Road crashes are a global concern, resulting in over 1.2 million deaths annually and 50 million injuries (WHO, 2009). In Zamboanga City, crashes from 2018 to 2022 show significant behavioral, infrastructural, and environmental challenges. While overall incidents declined from 2,252 in 2018 to 838 in 2022 due to stricter regulations and reduced vehicular mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic, crashes remain frequent during peak hours and in high-risk zones like Veterans Avenue and the Maria Clara Lobregat National Highway. Young male drivers aged 18–25 were disproportionately involved, with over-speeding, distracted driving, and driving under the influence identified as primary causes. Infrastructure deficiencies, including poorly maintained roads, faded markings, and inadequate lighting, and environmental factors like heavy rainfall, exacerbate these risks. Enforcement gaps, such as insufficient use of speed cameras and breathalyzers, further hinder compliance. This study proposes a Road Safety Response Framework with five components: enhanced traffic enforcement through modern tools and stricter penalties; infrastructure improvements, including better lighting and pedestrian-friendly features; targeted public awareness campaigns; technology-driven solutions like AI-powered analytics; and multi-sector collaboration involving government, NGOs, and private organizations. This evidence-based framework aims to mitigate risks and improve road safety outcomes. Aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goals 3 and 11, this study provides actionable strategies for policymakers and urban planners to reduce crashes and foster safer transportation systems. By addressing behavioral, infrastructural, and systemic factors, this research offers a model for sustainable urban road safety governance in Zamboanga City and similar contexts.
Governance, Community-Based Risk Reduction, Road Safety, Road Crashes, Policy Framework, Traffic Enforcement, Infrastructure Deficiencies, Behavioral Factors, Zamboanga City, Sustainable Development Goals
Racang Ngi'is Traditional Ritual as Culture Preservation of the Cila Community of Nagekeo District
Racang Ngi'is traditional ritual is one of the traditional rituals of the Cila community in Nagekeo Regency, which has been passed down from their ancestors and is still practiced today. The purpose of this traditional ritual is as a form of self-maturation for girls before starting a family. This study aims to explore the stages of implementation, meaning, and values of racang ngi'is traditional ritual. This study uses qualitative descriptive methods, namely collecting data and stating it in the form of words and images and arranging it in meaningful sentences. The researcher uses primary data sources (interviews and observations) and secondary data sources (literature studies, documentation). Technique of data analysis begins with direct observation, researcher experience, then conducting interviews with traditional leaders and community leaders (parents). Next, the researcher looks again relevant documentary evidence, separating, grouping, and verifying it according to needs. The results of the study show that this traditional ritual consists of three stages: preparation (nuji namat), implementation (racang ngi'is), and ending (bagi regha and caghe ware). The meaning of racang ngi'is traditional ritual is a form of respect for God and ancestors, a daughter's maturity according to tradition and worthy of starting a family, and a sign of parental obligation and responsibility towards her daughter. The values contained in racang ngi'is traditional ritual include religious, social, moral, and joyful values. Cila people need to understand the stages, meaning, and values so they can practice them in their daily lives sustainably and preserve racang ngi’is traditional ritual from generation to generation.
Traditional Ritual, Racang Ngi’is, Steps, Meaning, Values
A Governance Perspective on Administrative Capabilities and Competencies of Social Workers in Managing Legal Adoption and Alternative Child Care Cases in Zamboanga Peninsula
This study examines the administrative capabilities and competencies of social workers in managing alternative child care cases in the Zamboanga Peninsula, emphasizing the role of governance structures in enhancing service delivery. From governance perspective views, it evaluates the current skills, challenges, and resource limitations faced by social workers while identifying areas for policy and procedural improvements. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data from social workers, government agencies, and community stakeholders involved in alternative child care services. Findings indicate that while social workers demonstrate strong professional ethics, confidentiality, and case management skills, they encounter significant obstacles, including bureaucratic inefficiencies, inadequate resources, and a lack of standardized governance frameworks. These challenges hinder their ability to provide timely and comprehensive support to children and families. Additionally, the study highlights the critical role of Local Government Units (LGUs) and inter-agency collaboration in addressing systemic gaps. To enhance the effectiveness of alternative child care services, the study recommends institutionalizing competency development programs, strengthening governance mechanisms, and ensuring adequate resource allocation. Standardizing policies, improving inter-agency coordination, and establishing a robust post-placement monitoring system are essential for promoting accountability and ensuring long-term child welfare. This research offers actionable insights for policy reforms aimed at creating a more responsive, efficient, and child-centered alternative child care system in the Zamboanga Peninsula.
social workers, alternative child care, governance, administrative capabilities, policy reform
Psychological Safety and Employee Well-Being in Local Government: Institutional and Organizational Evidence from Zamboanga City, Philippines
This study examines the institutional determinants of psychological safety and employee well-being in Zamboanga City local government, linking organizational structures, leadership practices, and human resource policies to governance outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on Civil Service Commission HR audit data, grievance reports, turnover intention metrics, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders across multiple departments. The findings reveal that decentralized authority, participatory leadership, transparent decision-making, and supportive HR mechanisms enhance psychological safety, reduce stress, and improve employee engagement, particularly in administrative and engineering units. Conversely, centralized authority, rigid hierarchies, and high citizen-facing workloads in departments such as Health and Social Welfare elevate stress, absenteeism, and turnover risk. Comparative analysis situates Zamboanga City within Philippine and Global South contexts, highlighting patterns consistent with OECD benchmarks while emphasizing the need for context-specific adaptation. The study proposes a conceptual framework in which psychological safety, mediated by organizational support and job satisfaction, drives employee well-being, moderated by institutional factors such as HRM policies, participatory mechanisms, and leadership inclusivity. These results underscore the importance of human-centered governance and structural reform in enhancing workforce sustainability, organizational performance, and service delivery in resource-constrained municipalities.
psychological safety, employee well-being, local government, public administration, Philippines
Evaluation on Travel Expense Release Practices, Challenges and Utilization Rate for DepEd Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines: Basis for Intervention
Public sector organizations are expected to uphold efficiency, transparency, and accountability in the management of public funds. In the Department of Education (DepEd), travel expenses represent a vital operational resource that enables personnel to conduct supervision, monitoring, and technical assistance activities, particularly at the regional level. However, delays, procedural inefficiencies, and utilization issues in the release of travel expenses have been recurrent concerns that may adversely affect personnel performance and service delivery. This study evaluated the travel expense release practices and utilization rate of DepEd Regional Office IX to assess their efficiency and to provide inputs for the design of appropriate interventions. The study employed a descriptive–quantitative research design. Data were gathered from selected personnel of DepEd Regional Office IX who are directly involved in or affected by travel expense processing, release, and utilization. A structured questionnaire using a Likert scale was utilized to measure travel expense release practices in terms of timeliness, accuracy and transparency, processes and procedures, and accessibility and support. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and weighted mean were used to describe the variables, while correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between travel expense release practices and the utilization rate of travel expenses. Findings revealed that while existing policies and guidelines provide a clear framework for travel expense management, gaps persist in actual implementation. Timeliness of release and liquidation, procedural complexity, and documentary requirements were identified as major challenges encountered by personnel. The utilization rate of travel expenses was influenced by both administrative and systemic factors, including delays in processing and limited accessibility to support mechanisms. Moreover, the results showed a significant relationship between travel expense release practices and the utilization rate, indicating that inefficiencies in release practices directly affect the absorptive capacity of the regional office. Based on the findings, the study proposes interventions aimed at improving efficiency in travel expense management, such as process streamlining, enhanced digital tracking systems, capacity-building activities, and strengthened accountability mechanisms. The study concludes that improving travel expense release practices is essential in maximizing fund utilization, supporting personnel effectively, and enhancing overall operational efficiency in DepEd Regional Office IX.
travel expense release practices, challenges, utilization, intervention, DepEd Regional Office IX
Lesley Ann F. Atilano-Tang, MPA, JD, DPA(Cand.)
Urban Governance and Building Permit Policy Compliance: Rates, Determinants, Socioeconomic Drivers and Enforcement Reforms in Zamboanga City
This study examined building permit policy compliance in Zamboanga City through the lens of urban governance, focusing on compliance rates, determinants of non-compliance, socioeconomic drivers, and potential enforcement reforms. Anchored in Compliance Behavior Theory, Urban Governance Framework, and Rational Choice Theory, the study investigated how individual decision-making, socioeconomic conditions, and institutional processes shape compliance with the National Building Code of the Philippines. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining survey data and semi-structured interviews with property owners and developers, including both formal and informal settlers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, while qualitative responses were processed through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that building permit compliance remains a significant urban governance concern. Of the respondents, 50% reported complete compliance, 48% reported no compliance, and 2% reported partial compliance, indicating that unauthorized or incomplete permitting is widespread. The principal drivers of non-compliance were the high perceived cost of securing permits, limited public awareness of legal requirements, misconceptions that certain low-cost or light-material structures are exempt, and weak perceptions of enforcement. Although household income and educational attainment showed descriptive variations in compliance and familiarity with the permit process, chi-square tests indicated no statistically significant association, suggesting that non-compliance cuts across socioeconomic categories. Qualitative findings further emphasized delays, procedural complexity, fragmented information, and unofficial transaction costs as major deterrents. The study concludes that non-compliance is less a function of socioeconomic disadvantage alone than of governance inefficiencies, weak information dissemination, and burdensome regulatory processes. To address these issues, the study proposes a package of enforcement and governance reforms, including barangay-level information campaigns, pre-application advisory services, one-stop permitting systems, pro-poor and risk-based fee policies, improved transparency and anti-red-tape safeguards, stronger monitoring mechanisms, and real-time client communication protocols. These reforms may strengthen regulatory legitimacy, improve compliance behavior, and support safer, more inclusive, and more sustainable urban development in Zamboanga City.
urban governance, building permit, policy compliance, socioeconomic drivers, enforcement reforms
The Dhaka Airshed Crisis: A Comprehensive Toxicological, Meteorological, and Policy Analysis of Atmospheric Degradation (2000–2055)
The present atmospheric environment of Dhaka, Bangladesh, is one of the worst examples of public health crises in the urbanized world. Situated in the geological depression of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the city is exposed to the unique meeting point of meteorological entrapment unregulated industrial combustion and chaotic vehicular emission. This report is a comprehensive analysis of the air quality situation up to early 2026, using more than two decades of historical data to anticipate the physiological development of the next generation of the city. The results suggest that without a radical structural change to the energy and transport industries in the region, the population is headed for an irreversible epidemiological transition to chronic respiratory failure and systemic toxicity. Recent data on current monitoring indicates that Dhaka is in almost a continuous state of atmospheric crisis in the dry months, where Particulate Matter (PM2.5) levels often go well beyond the world health organization (WHO) recommendations by several folds. The chemical nature of this pollution is different from those of the other burdened areas - for example, the quagmire of Dhaka is a poisonous soup of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and elemental carbon - produced mainly from the combustion of low-grade fossil fuels and biomass. The source apportionment analysis recognizes the brick kiln industry and the transport network that is reliant on the use of diesel as the two engines of this crisis, which has been aggravated by the complete failure of urban dust control. As comparative analysis with the regional counterparts (New Delhi and Lahore, etc.) reveals, the whole region is experiencing unfavorable weather conditions, but at the same time, the pollution profile of Dhaka is becoming more and more characterized by the unregulated growth of point-source emitters within the local airshed. The trend analysis of pollution load in the period 2000 to 2025 shows that the increase has been upward in nature but the rate of the pollution load has been on the rise in the past decade despite the cosmetic changes in the policies. Perhaps most critically, this report is a modeling of the bioaccumulation of impact on a newborn born in 2025. By the year 2055, this person is estimated to have a lung burden of insoluble particles and carcinogenic metals that is large enough to cause profound pathological changes (anthracosis, or "black lung") and marked functional impairment (independence of smoking status). The report concludes with a rigorous strategic roadmap, based on the proven mechanisms for success used in Mexico City, Tokyo and Bogota, to decarbonize the economic growth of Dhaka from its destruction of the atmosphere.
Air Pollution, Dhaka, PM2.5, Brick Kilns, Vehicular Emissions, Heavy Metals, PAHs, Bioaccumulation, Anthracosis, Urban Air Quality, Public Health.
An Analytical Assessment of Policy and Regulatory Frameworks for Green and Digital Transitions in Zamboanga City, Philippines
This research manuscript evaluates the effectiveness of local policies and regulations aimed at fostering environmental sustainability and technological innovation. The research investigates key policies governing green and digital transitions, assesses their alignment with national and international standards, and identifies institutional barriers impeding their implementation. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study highlights that while Zamboanga City's frameworks demonstrate a commitment to sustainability and technological advancement, they face challenges such as fragmented governance and limited resources. Strategies proposed to enhance policy coherence and regulatory effectiveness include improving inter-agency coordination, strengthening institutional capacities, and adopting an integrated policy approach. The findings offer critical insights into the existing policy landscape, providing a foundation for enhancing regulatory frameworks to better support green and digital transitions. This research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable urban development by offering actionable recommendations to address identified gaps and optimize policy effectiveness in Zamboanga City.
Green Transitions, Digital Transformation, Policy Analysis, Regulatory Frameworks, Institutional Barriers
Copyright (c) 2025 Frontiers in Management and Social Insights
Institutionalizing Fiesta Tourism as a Local Governance Strategy: Community-Based Tourism and Public Administration in Zamboanga City, Philippines
Local governments in developing contexts increasingly adopt Community-Based Tourism (CBT) as a strategy for inclusive and sustainable development, contributing to the localization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). In culturally diverse cities such as Zamboanga City, fiesta tourism has emerged as a prominent manifestation of CBT, grounded in local traditions, collective identity, and long-standing socio-cultural practices. Despite its growing prominence in local development programs, fiesta tourism is often examined primarily as a cultural or economic activity, with limited scholarly attention to its role as a public administration and governance intervention. This study examines how fiesta tourism is institutionalized and implemented as a local governance strategy within the public administration framework of Zamboanga City. Using a mixed-method research design, the study analyzes institutional arrangements, governance mechanisms, administrative capacity, and policy coherence supporting fiesta-based CBT initiatives. Findings indicate that fiesta tourism strengthens community participation, reinforces cultural legitimacy, and generates short-term local economic activity aligned with SDG 8 while contributing to place-based cultural sustainability consistent with SDG 11; however, its long-term sustainability remains constrained by fragmented institutional coordination, limited policy integration, and dependence on political leadership, weakening collaborative governance arrangements envisioned under SDG 17. The study contributes to public administration literature by reframing fiesta tourism as a governance instrument for sustainable development rather than a cultural event alone and underscores the need for stronger institutionalization and policy alignment to ensure continuity beyond episodic celebrations.
Community- Based Tourism; Institutional Capacity; Service Utilization; Public Perception; Local Governance; Sustainable Development
Institutional Capacity, Service Utilization, and Public Perceptions of Community-Based Tourism Programs: Governance Implications in Zamboanga City, Philippines
Local governments increasingly adopt Community-Based Tourism (CBT) as a development strategy to promote inclusive growth, improve public service delivery, and localize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). In decentralized governance contexts, the effectiveness of CBT initiatives depends not only on community participation but also on institutional capacity, service utilization, and public perceptions of government performance. Despite the growing body of CBT literature, limited empirical attention has been given to how administrative capacity and governance arrangements shape community utilization of tourism programs and public perceptions of their effectiveness. This study examines the relationship between institutional capacity, service utilization, and public perception of CBT initiatives in Zamboanga City, Philippines. Using a mixed-method research design, the study analyzes survey data and key informant interviews to assess how local government structures, coordination mechanisms, and administrative practices influence community engagement and utilization of CBT services. Findings indicate that while CBT initiatives are generally perceived as accessible and culturally relevant, variations in institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination significantly affect service utilization and public confidence in local tourism governance. The study contributes to public administration literature by situating CBT within the discourse on service delivery and institutional performance and offers policy-relevant insights for strengthening governance systems to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of community-based tourism programs.
Recovery and Reintegration Programs for the Victim Survivors of Human Trafficking: An Assessment
This study assesses recovery and reintegration programs for victim-survivors of human trafficking in the Philippines, focusing on program effectiveness, implementation challenges, and mitigation strategies from the perspectives of service providers and beneficiaries. Using a mixed-methods approach grounded in the Theory of Change, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and reintegration frameworks, the study involved 21 members of the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking and five victim-survivors. Quantitative data were analyzed using a 3-point Likert scale, while qualitative insights were examined through thematic analysis. Findings reveal that while multiple programs are available, most interventions concentrate on the recovery phase, with limited support for long-term economic, personal, and psychosocial reintegration. Financial constraints significantly affect implementation, leading to reliance on inter-agency referrals for social welfare assistance. Although mental and physical health services were positively perceived, the absence of livelihood monitoring tools hampers outcome assessment. The study highlights the need for holistic, survivor-centered programs and policy reforms to ensure sustainable reintegration and comprehensive support.
recovery and reintegration, programs and services, victim-survivors of human trafficking, challenges encountered, mitigating strategies
An Integrated Approach to Flood Risk Governance in Barangay Tugbungan, Zamboanga City: Planning, Policy and Community-Based Adaptation
Flooding remains a chronic urban hazard in the Philippines, driven by inadequate drainage, accelerated urbanization, and climate change, and increasingly recognized as a governance challenge requiring integrated policy, planning, and community-based adaptation. This study examines flood risk governance in Barangay Tugbungan, Zamboanga City—an urban barangay experiencing recurrent flooding that disrupts livelihoods, mobility, and community safety. Anchored in Systems Theory, Adaptive Governance Theory, and Community-Based Adaptation (CBA), the research develops and tests an integrated framework linking (1) flood risk management planning, (2) policy and institutional implementation, and (3) household/community adaptation practices. Using a mixed-methods case study with an explanatory sequential and participatory orientation, data were gathered through household surveys (N = 30) and semi-structured interviews, complemented by document review and thematic analysis of qualitative responses. Descriptive results indicate moderate-to-high awareness of preparedness measures, strongest in knowledge of evacuation centers and routes, and moderately positive perceptions of early warning systems. However, clarity of disaster preparedness plans and the regularity/visibility of flood drills show weaker or uncertain ratings, indicating uneven institutional communication and preparedness routines. Flood exposure is universal among respondents within the last three years, with frequent flooding attributed primarily to river overflow and heavy rainfall, compounded by clogged waterways, poor drainage, and waste management issues. Governance perceptions are cautiously positive regarding the presence of barangay policies and coordination with city DRRM offices, but respondents’ express uncertainty about disaster fund utilization and dissatisfaction with infrastructure maintenance. Qualitative findings further highlight delayed or uneven aid distribution, health and sanitation risks, and evacuation constraints, alongside strong informal social support among neighbors. The study proposes an Integrated Flood Governance Framework organized around resilient infrastructure and environmental management, responsive and equitable disaster management, community empowerment and capacity building, and accountable, aligned governance. Aligning with SDGs 11, 13, and 16, the framework emphasizes transparency, routine maintenance, strengthened volunteerism, and sustained multi-level coordination to advance inclusive and durable flood resilience in Barangay Tugbungan.
flood risk governance, adaptive governance theory, flood resilience, community empowerment and capacity building, and disaster risk reduction and management
Collaborative Governance of Juvenile Aftercare in Zamboanga City, Philippines: Implementation Fidelity and Service Delivery Performance for Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL)
Youth offenders transitioning out of institutional care face elevated risks of disrupted education, limited employment prospects, social stigma, and reoffending. In the Philippines, these risks are compounded by resource constraints and multi-actor implementation arrangements under decentralized governance. This study evaluates how local governance structures enable or constrain the implementation and service delivery performance of statutory aftercare for children in conflict with the law (CICL) in Zamboanga City. Anchored in Collaborative Governance Theory, the analysis examines the institutional design, facilitative leadership, collaborative processes, and outcome monitoring conditions that shape aftercare delivery across government and non-government actors. The study adopts a mixed-methods design. Quantitatively, it analyzes administrative records of all CICL discharged from institutional care between 2021 and 2025 (n=171), focusing on aftercare enrollment and recorded recidivism outcomes. Qualitatively, it draws on semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with purposively selected implementers from government and civil society organizations (n=20), complemented by document and policy review. Descriptive statistics summarize coverage and outcomes, while thematic analysis identifies coordination dynamics, capacity constraints, and beneficiary engagement gaps. Findings indicate strong system reach and formal compliance with national mandates: all discharged CICL were enrolled in aftercare, and recidivism remained low at 1.1 percent (two recorded cases). However, qualitative evidence suggests that these headline indicators may mask persistent governance weaknesses. While the Local Council for the Protection of Children (LCPC) provides a mandated collaborative platform, stakeholder participation in actual service delivery is uneven, coordination remains episodic, and continuity relies heavily on the City Social Welfare and Development Office. A fragmented information environment—without an integrated digital case management and monitoring system—limits reliable tracking of service packages, case continuity, and longer-term reintegration outcomes. Youth participation in planning and evaluation remains ad hoc, reducing policy responsiveness. The study concludes that strengthening juvenile aftercare requires moving from compliance-based coverage toward performance-driven governance—through local legal codification of roles and budgets, shared accountability mechanisms, workforce capacity-building, integrated data systems, diversified financing, and institutionalized youth representation
Aftercare, Youth Offenders, Child Welfare, Collaborative Governance, Institutional Care, Zamboanga City, Philippines
Lexicographical Verification of Chabacano Usage in Zamboanga City: A Basis for Lexicographical Revamp through Legislation
This study aims to verify whether selected entries in the existing Chabacano lexicography of Zamboanga City accurately reflect contemporary language use and to identify the words that speakers actually employ in everyday communication. Specifically, it examines the extent to which the current dictionary aligns with the lived linguistic practices of Chabacano language professionals and explores the implications of any mismatch for language planning and policy. Using descriptive and exploratory research design, the study analyzes responses from Chabacano language professionals in secondary and tertiary educational institutions. Sixty lexicographic entries were randomly selected from the existing dictionary and evaluated through a checklist type instrument, complemented by open-ended responses. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, categorical ranking, and qualitative content analysis. The findings reveal a substantial gap between the existing lexicographic entries and actual language use. A majority of the listed words were identified as rarely used or no longer used in daily communication, while a smaller set remained functionally active, particularly in institutional, legal, and contemporary contexts. Language professionals frequently relied on alternative lexical forms, including Spanish-derived terms, English borrowings, Filipino influences, and descriptive phrases, indicating dynamic lexical adaptation rather than strict adherence to dictionary forms. These patterns highlight ongoing lexical shift, simplification, and borrowing in Chabacano. The study concludes that the current lexicography does not sufficiently represent contemporary Chabacano usage and underscores the need for systematic, evidence-based lexicographical revision. The findings support the adoption of a descriptive, usage-driven approach to dictionary development and provide an empirical basis for legislative and institutional actions aimed at preserving, standardizing, and sustaining Chabacano as a living language in education, governance, and cultural life.
Chabacano language, lexicographical verification, language usage, descriptive lexicography, language policy
Prediction of Hypnotizability Based on Attachment Style and Sensation Seeking among Psychology Graduates in Mashhad Iran
In recent years, hypnosis has garnered growing attention in both clinical and research settings, particularly regarding its therapeutic applications. This study aimed to predict the degree of hypnotizability based on attachment style and sensation seeking among psychology graduates in Mashhad in 2020. The study utilized an applied research framework. A total of 33 participants were voluntarily selected from a pool of 60 individuals attending a hypnosis fundamentals workshop. Data collection instruments included the Collins and Read Adult Attachment Scale and a shortened version of Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale. Hypnotizability was assessed using Spiegel’s eye-roll test. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results revealed that among the sensation seeking subscales, Experience Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility significantly and positively predicted hypnotizability, whereas Disinhibition and Adventure Seeking did not show significant effects. Regarding attachment styles, while 35.4% of the variance in hypnotizability could be attributed to attachment style (r = 0.354), the overall predictive effect of attachment style was not statistically significant (R² = 0.125). These findings suggest a partial relationship between specific personality traits and hypnotic susceptibility
Hypnotizability, Attachment Style, Sensation Seeking, Psychology Graduates, Hypnosis
The Philosophical Link between Art and Quantum Entanglement: A Comparative Study of Holism in Artistic Experience and Quantum Physics
This paper investigates the philosophical connections between art and quantum entanglement, two seemingly distinct domains. Quantum entanglement, one of the most enigmatic phenomena in modern physics, describes the instantaneous and non-local connection between subatomic particles. These particles (such as electrons, protons, and neutrons) can remain interconnected regardless of the distance separating them, a concept that challenges classical physics. Meanwhile, the philosophy of art seeks to explain the nature and significance of artistic experience, often emphasizing a holistic, unified understanding of a work of art. This study explores the conceptual similarities between these two fields, arguing that both reveal a form of holism where the parts can only be fully understood within the context of the whole. Despite their methodological and thematic differences, both quantum physics and the philosophy of art suggest that the world is an interconnected network of relationships, leading to a richer comprehension of reality.
Philosophical link between Art and Quantum Entanglement, Modern Art and Quantum Concepts, Study of Holism in Artistic Experience and Quantum Physics
Assessing the Impact of Individuals' Social Characteristics and Functional Aspects of Tehran's Metro on the Choice of Travel Pattern
Rapid urbanization, driven by industrial development and growing automobile dependency, has led to imbalanced urban expansion, traffic congestion, and extended travel times. As Tehran, the capital of Iran, continues to grow, this study examines urban travel patterns to inform sustainable mobility and transportation planning. The primary objective is to assess how individuals' social characteristics and the functional attributes of Tehran’s metro system influence travel mode choice. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collected through surveys and questionnaires. A Mixed Logit Model was used to analyze travel mode choice for commuting between home and workplace. The analysis revealed two major categories of influencing factors: (1) socio-economic characteristics and (2) functional aspects of metro services. Among the statistically significant variables, gender, age, metro travel time, and perceived vitality/productivity positively influenced metro usage, with marginal effects of 0.1088, 0.240, 0.0036, and 0.1429, respectively. While other variables were statistically insignificant, their signs were consistent with theoretical expectations. The findings provide critical insights into travel behavior in Tehran and enhance the understanding of metro use as a component of sustainable urban transport systems. Travel time, cost savings, and ease of movement between home and workplace are significantly associated with individuals’ travel pattern choices. Visibility of metro stations, continuity and quality of sidewalks, proximity to stations, and the availability of bicycle parking facilities significantly affect willingness to use the metro. • Although the metro contributes to reducing private vehicle use, car ownership does not have a statistically significant effect on travel mode choice for commuting.
Public Transportation; Travel Pattern; Social-Functional Aspects; Spatial Pattern Analysis; GIS Modelling; Tehran Metro
Reimagining Citycell: A Strategic Blueprint for Global Revival and Expansion
This paper analyzes Citycell’s failure and makes a strategic blueprint for its revival in both local and international markets. Along with Citycell, this paper further analyzes its competitors in the Bangladesh market, like Grameenphone and Banglalink, and finds out their weaknesses and failures. In addition, there has been a thorough study on the foreign direct investment strategy of the parent companies of Grameenphone and Banglalink. Based on this, we have come to a strategy that Citycell should follow as its FDI and chose Pakistan for Citycell to globally expand its operation. Furthermore, we have conducted in-depth research on the cultural differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan using the Hofstede Cultural Dimension, which has been extended to explain the opportunities and challenges that Citycell will face in cross-border expansion. This paper also explains how cultural literacy can address ethical issues and cultural dilemmas and foster innovation and collaboration. Finally, this paper concludes by suggesting Citycell form a joint venture with Znong in Pakistan as its entry strategy.
Foreign direct investment, OLI Paradigm, Hofstede cultural dimension, Cultural literacy, Entry strategy, Joint venture.
Navigating the Great Firewall: Decoding Google's Retreat from China's Tech Frontier
Purpose: Many difficulties in the Chinese market make it tough for foreign companies to operate. Studying why Google failed globally can help us improve in international business strategy. This study is interested in figuring out the causes of Google’s failure in China and considers if the laws and society of China had something to do with it. Methods Secondary research is conducted on this concept paper by examining certain literature about Google entering, running and leaving the Chinese market. Selecting and classifying literature was done mainly using factors like censorship, privacy, competition and the evolution of policies. All the data was examined by focusing on important challenges, both strategic and from the environment, that led to the creation of a model fo:r the failure of foreign tech businesses in China. Results: Data from the literature shows that Google failed in China because it opposed Chinese censorship laws, did not meet the expectations of local regulators, faced stronger competition from Baidu and faced political pressure about managing user data. It explains how the combined conditions made Google quit and offers expectable outcomes for other foreign businesses trying to enter authoritarian digital markets. Implications: The study gives international firms advice by connecting Google’s approach to running a business in China with the important parts of doing business in the country. Originality: Authors think most research exploring Google’s global strategy mainly concentrates on its achievements in Western nations. The reasons for China’s failed revolution have not been well explained. This work helps to bridge the gap in research by looking at digital governance in a growing market setting.
International Business Strategy, Censorship & Cybersecurity, Localization vs Globalization Standardization, Cultural & Regulatory Challenges, Market Entry Barriers.
Why Motorola Failed in China: An In-Depth Review
The paper illustrated the reasons behind the major failure of Motorola’s failure in the industry of Chinese mobile phones. Motorola had initial dominance and significant investment, but despite having that Motorola failed due to major misalignments in understanding the culture, executing strategy and responding properly to the market. The paper highlights that China is a collectivist country, and the strategy that Motorola followed is US-centric. Using Hofstede's cultural dimension and international business frameworks it is examined that the strategy clashed with the high power distance and long term focused cultural setting of China. Motorola Failed to maintain its first mover advantage, had a poor demand forecast, and underutilization of local R&D skills which are emphasized in the study using the international trade theories such as Porter’s Diamond Model and the New Trade Theory. Motorola started in China via joint ventures and fully owned subsidiaries but their market importance gradually reduced because of not being able to localize products and using co-development strategies. Motorola followed a global low cost strategy that only focused on product offerings that are similar with poor after sale support. The Chinese market expects quick service and digital integration but Motorola overlooked that. The analysis suggests that the collapse of Motorola was a cultural misalignment and insufficient localization which could be addressed by emphasizing on cultural intelligence, quick operational methods and consumer centric localization. The study demonstrates the crucial need for the adaptation and aligning strategy with the host country to achieve sustainable global success.
Cultural intelligence, Diamond model, Motorola Failure
Trade Creation Effects on Global Value Chains:A Case Study of BRICS
Over the past two decades, international trade and production have become increasingly organised around what is commonly referred to as the Global Value Chains(GVCs). The BRICS trade volume greatly revolves around Global Value Chains (GVCs) or Global Supply Chains. In this context, BRICS institutional arrangements on FDI inflows, Foreign exchange reserves have positively impacted trade creation from BRICS countries thereby influencing the Global Value Chains. This paper intends to analyse the directional trade flows of BRICS and its intra trade volume towards the global value chains. Firstly, the institutional changes in the BRICS (FDI Inflow, and Foreign Exchange Reserve) can increase the merchandise trade within the BRICS countries, Secondly; an increase in the merchandise trade outflows from BRICS, and finally; an increase in the service trade outflows from BRICS. The first and third findings can be understood as trade creations due to increase in Foreign Exchange Reserve, and FDI inflows in the BRICS countries, and Rules of origin as an implicit trade barrier for imports from the rest of world. The Global Value Chains are most relevant to understand the third findings on the increase in trade flows from the BRICS. The key determinant of the increase in outflows is the imperative of the complementarities of value chains for imports of intermediates by member of the BRICS.
Global Value Chains, Trade Creation, Trade Diversion, and BRICS
The Role of the Church in Building the Economy of the Congregation Members of the Protestant Christian Church in Bali
This research examines the role of the Protestant Christian Church in Bali (GKPB) in building the economy of its congregation members, a theme that is still rarely explored empirically in Indonesia, particularly in the local context of Bali. The background of this research is based on the strategic role of the church not only as a spiritual center but also as an agent of community economic empowerment. Amid the economic challenges faced by the congregation due to dependence on the tourism sector and the social dynamics of Bali, the church has great potential to promote economic independence through various programs and initiatives. The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the church's economic programs, evaluate their impact on the congregation's welfare, uncover implementation challenges, and provide strategic recommendations for improving the effectiveness of future programs. The urgency of this research lies in the need for a relevant and contextual community-based economic empowerment model, given the lack of similar empirical studies in Bali. The novelty of this research lies in the in-depth case study approach with data triangulation from interviews with pastors and congregants, as well as the analysis of active participation and internal church dynamics in managing the economic program. The research methodology uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with church leaders and congregants, participatory observation, and documentation of the church's economic programs. Data were analyzed thematically and verified through source triangulation. The main findings indicate that the church plays a significant role in improving the congregation's economy through skills training, capital assistance, the formation of cooperatives, and the facilitation of business networks. However, the implementation of the program still faces challenges such as limited resources, internal resistance, and market access. The level of congregation participation is a key factor in the success of the program. The research conclusion emphasizes that the church can become an effective agent of economic change if it can innovatively address internal and external challenges. The proposed recommendations include strengthening the church's management capacity, enhancing the financial literacy of the congregation, and developing strategic partnerships with various parties. This research is expected to serve as a reference for churches and other religious institutions in developing community-based economic empowerment programs in various contexts.
Role_of_the_Church; Building_the_Economy; Congregation_Members; Protestant_Christian_Church_in_Bali
Sustainable and Regenerative Coastal Tourism in Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
Philippines’ Department of Tourism is pushing an even better and sustainable version of the Philippines' world-popular destinations. Gone are the days that promoting green tourism or simply reducing waste when you visit a place is enough, now climate concerns have highlighted the need for tourists and stakeholders to lead the movement on regenerative tourism (Rocamora, 2022). Tourism is a complex and multifaceted industry in nature that requires self-organization which transforms the evolutionary process of societal development. Thus, tourism requires a dynamic framework that embraces uncertainty, changing global trends and recommend policy that are holistic and future ready (Hussain & Haley, 2022). Being one of the largest segments of the maritime economic sectors, as well as the largest component of the tourism industry, coastal and marine tourism often raise controversy regarding the environmental impacts and the compatibilities with other human activities. Coastal and marine space is home to a constantly growing number of human activities and facilities, the most important of which are those related to coastal and marine tourism (Papageorgiou, 2016). Coastal towns are challenged in ways that their inland counterpart and too often they rely on the natural assets of their beaches, and in temperate climates, this must conspire with good weather to bring in the crowds (Cash, 2022). Moreover DOST framed the Pagtanaw 2030 which emphasized Blue Economy as a primary vision for Philippines. Section 4.1 of the Philippine Strategic Plan Blue Economy emphasized the “Blue Economy” that is an overarching operational area that highlights the Philippines’ inherently archipelagic nature and resources, pointing towards the sustainable use of marine resources—living and non-living—for the improvement of people’s livelihoods while preserving the overall health of our marine ecosystems (nast.dost.gov.ph). Tigbauan is a second-class municipality with a land area of 8,889 ha or 88.89 sq. km. The urban core, consisting of 10 barangays, has an area of 169 hectares or 1.69 square kilometers representing 1.90% of the total area of the municipality while the 42 rural barangays occupy a total area of 8,720 ha or 80.720 square kilometers equivalent to 98.10%. The municipality’s coastline is 8-km. stretch spanning 10 coastal barangays from Brgy. Barroc down to Brgy. Buyuan. The municipal waters covered by this coastline serve as fishing grounds for both migrating and endemic fishes. The inland bodies of water consisted of two (2) main rivers, namely: the Sibalom River and the Tacuyong River. The latter joins the Sibalom River at the Western side of the urban core barangays before flowing into the Panay Gulf. The municipality of Tigbauan is a coastal town 23 kilometers southwest of Iloilo City. It is one of the seven (7) towns comprising the First District of the Province of Iloilo which lies between 10º40’30” latitude and 122º22’30” longitude. It is bounded by the towns of Leon on the Northwest, San Miguel on the Northeast, Oton on the East, Guimbal to the West, and by the Iloilo Strait on the South (www.tigbauan.gov.ph). Thus, like the municipality of Tigbauan, a thorough understanding of the sustainable and regenerative tourism concepts from the stakeholders further helps to develop solid programs for the coastal communities.
regenerative tourism, economic sectors, Pagtanaw, municipality, consisting, component, multifaceted, emphasized,
Measuring and Managing Employee Burnout in the Post-Pandemic Era Strategies and Effectiveness
In the post-pandemic era, the dynamics of the workplace have changed quite drastically leading to more instances of employee burnout in industries. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the development of burnout through a qualitative secondary analysis and appraise the efficiency of organizational strategies aimed at its management. The research cites themes such as emotional fatigue, lack of managerial support, and blurred work life boundaries from existing literature, case studies, and publicly available reports. The paper additionally accounts for the impact of flexible work arrangements, leadership training, and employee wellbeing programs on burnout outcomes. The research indicates that although organisations have rightfully put a tremendous effort into supporting employee mental health, many interventions fail without cultural alignment and persistent leadership commitment. One of the things that comes out of the study is the need to create psychologically safe supportive environments that employees feel valued and heard. The thesis concludes that effective burnout management entails going past one answer fits all solutions and adopting a considerably more holistic, empathetic, and evidence-based approach. These are insights that give HR professionals, managers, and decision makers some good tips to build or work towards healthier, more resilient, and vigorous workplace in an increasingly volatile world of work.
Employee burnout, post-pandemic workplace, qualitative secondary analysis, wellbeing strategies, organizational support.
Baitul Mal Management in Social and Economic Support for The Aceh Community
Baitul Mal is an Islamic financial institution whose objective is to distribute wealth to the needy and its management faces many challenges in the modern economic and social context. This study aims to identify the major challenges faced in contemporary management of Baitul Mal. This study used descriptive analysis to evaluate literature and related data, and conducted interviews with Baitul Mal managers, indigenous communities, and entrepreneurship experts. Research shows that one of the biggest challenges in solving the Baitul Mal problem is the imbalance between economic growth and wealth distribution. In a modern economic context that often leads to greater social inequality, Baitul Mal's management often struggles to ensure fair and equitable distribution. In addition, economic globalization is also a factor complicating the management of Baitul Mal. The integration of global markets has expanded the scope of financial transactions and requires more complex management strategies to ensure compliance with Islamic principles in an increasingly globally interconnected context. Other challenges include demographic changes, with increasing and diverse populations making it difficult to identify and meet diverse needs. At the same time, technological changes have also impacted the way Baitul Mal is managed, requiring the adoption of more advanced information and communication technologies to increase efficiency and transparency. In short, the management of Baitul Mal faces complex and diverse challenges in the modern economic and social era. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive and innovative approach that takes into account Islamic principles and the changing needs of society.
Management Challenges, Baitul Mal, Economy, Modern Social, Aceh